Comparison Of King Lear And The Catcher In The Rye

One’s downfall may be caused by many factors, such as an individual’s traits. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden’s cynical behaviour towards those around him causes him to see his classmates around him in a negative perspective. Similarly, in King Lear, King Lear’s attitude towards his honest daughter, Cordelia causes him to banish his most-loving and caring daughter away from England. Then, both protagonists are prompted to a punishment of physical humiliation. Likewise, both protagonists are mentally ill and have reached a breaking point, causing psychological problems. In The Catcher in the Rye and King Lear, Holden and King Lear are led to an eventual downfall due to their behaviour towards those around them, physical humiliation, and†¦show more content†¦He was dismissed from Regan and Goneril’s house, forced to go into the storm. This event leads Lear to his physical humiliation. Particularly, when Lear tears away his garments, it show s his realization towards his status from king to beggar (King Lear 3.4.105-112). Equally, Holden was physically humiliated when he kept agitating Stradlater about his date with Jane. â€Å"Then he really let one go at me, and the next thing I knew I was on the goddam floor again. I don’t remember if he knocked me out or not, but I don’t think so.† (Salinger 45) Due to Holden’s attachment to Jane, Holden was concerned about what events may have bestowed upon Stradlater and Jane. Holden mistakenly bothered Stradlater several times about his date with Jane, even after Stradlater had told him to stop. As a result, Stradlater punched Holden and Holden was left on the ground with a bloody nose. Given these points, it is evident that both protagonists were physically humiliated due to their decision making leading towards their downfall. In the same way, both protagonists are mentally ill, and have psychological problems. This is evident throughout King Lear. K ing Lear foreshadows that he will develop psychological problems when he screams, â€Å"O, let me not be mad, not mad, sweet heaven!/Keep me in temper; I would not be mad!† (King Lear 2.1.43-44). The Fool tells Lear that he should be wise because heShow MoreRelatedEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesGreat Expectations Sister Carrie The Great Gatsby The Sound and Fury Gulliver’s Travels Sula Heart of Darkness The Sun Also Rises Invisible Man Their Eyes Were Watching God Joe Turner’s Come and Gone The Things They Carried King Lear The Turn of the Screw Major Barbara Who’s Afraid of Virginia Wolf 2004 (Form B): The most important themes in literature are sometimes developed in scenes in which a death or deaths take place. Choose a novel or play and write a well-organizedRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pagesprecious (Bingham and Scholt 1980). Amusing books written specifically for children would have been economically and psychologically impossible (Townsend 1996). Children would probably have listened to adult works such as Beowulf, Song of Roland, El Cid, King Arthur, and Robin Hood. Children and adults also enjoyed folk tales and literature rich with fantasy and imagination, as myth was the way they made sense of their world. While there were no manuscripts devoted specifically to â€Å"children’s literature

Fracking Is Good For American Consumers - 821 Words

Danny Vinik, a staff at new republic wrote â€Å"Fracking Is Good For American Consumers† he argues that fracking is good for the economy because it brought down the price of gas and saved a lot of money. Vinik cleverly argues his point that fracking saves a lot of money for the united states, he weakens his argument by using a lot of numbers and not calculating the damages caused by fracking. The outcome is an article that has all numbers but the numbers don t outweigh the amount of damage caused by fracking. First what is hydraulic fracking? Hydraulic fracking is the process of drilling down into the earth before a high-pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release the gas inside. Water, sand and chemicals are infused into the stone at high weight which permits the gas to stream out to the leader of the well. Vinik talks about the positive side of fracking but he fails to mention the harm fracking causes. Fracking wastewater contains high levels of radioactivity and other contaminants that wastewater treatments plants have had difficulty removing; this potentially contaminated wastewater can than be discharged into local rivers.In Pennsylvania, more than 3,000 gas fracking wells and allowed well locales are situated inside two miles of 320 day mind focuses, 67 schools and nine healing centers. Fracking is prohibited.excluded from key government water insurances, and elected and state controller have permitted unchecked extension of fracking, making broad naturalShow MoreRelat edBusiness, Sustainability And The Natural Environment1617 Words   |  7 Pagesresources that have been sustaining us will not last forever. Companies need to evolve with the modern age and changing consumer market. For example, Netflix never thought they would produce their own shows, however, with the changing consumer market, they have done just that. Also, NGO’s sometimes have to partner with bigger for-profit companies in order to target a larger consumer base, thus, solidifying the fact that the for-profit and non-profit sector have to team together in order to sustain theRead MoreRisk Reward and Fracking1326 Words   |  6 PagesRisk Reward â€Å"Fracking provides a source of energy that is not only new but also relatively clean, cheap, without political strings† (www.economist.com, 2014, para. 3). In the article â€Å"The Petrostate of America† the debate about fracking, the energy boom throughout the world, and what decisions the U.S. government along with President Obama should make on deciding to lift the ban on exportation of crude oil and restrictions on getting permits to export natural gas are starting to heat up. There areRead MoreQuestion Questions On Political Culture1690 Words   |  7 PagesMarch 2, 2016 Exam 1 Question One Political culture refers to believes, feeling and how people think they should act about government. In the US political culture lays some core ideals and values which are of course not shared by all the Americans. However, the two shared political values in the US by vast majority the regardless of race, creed, national origin are liberty and democracy. In most political debates, there is a tendency to come up with the best framework on how best to achieveRead MoreFormula For Success : Rise Early, Work Hard, Strike Oil ( J. Paul Getty ) Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagessuccess: rise early, work hard, strike oil (J. Paul Getty). Introduction Fracking is a complex political topic, nonetheless, is showing a positive impact to the United States economy and leaving a negative footprint behind on the environment. In addition, consumers are experiencing a significant amount of profit due to the overwhelming supplies of oil, thus, the revolution in new technology is triggering an improper fracking system. This concept centrals to airborne pollution and water contaminationRead MoreFracking Is Not The Way836 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Fracking is not the way Danny Vinik, a staff at new republic wrote â€Å"Fracking Is Good For American Consumers† he argues that fracking is good for the economy because it brought down the price of gas and saved a lot of money. Vinik cleverly argues his point that fracking saves a lot of money for the united states, he weakens his argument by using a lot of numbers and not calculating the damages caused by fracking. The outcome is an article that has all numbers but the numbers don t outweighRead MoreThe Effects Of Fracking On The Environment And Citizens1715 Words   |  7 PagesAs Americans search for alternatives to purchasing oil and gas from overseas, the increase of fracking to extract compressed natural gas has risen dramatically. Remarkably, the public can only access limited research from independent scientists who list both the negative and the positive effects fracking is having on the environment and citizens’ health (Rosenberg, Phartiyal, Goldman, Branscomb, 2014, p. 75). Moreo ver, the American public and their elected officials are denied the chance to makeRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing And Fracking : A Controversial Topic Across The Globe1489 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing or Fracking, as it more commonly known, is a very controversial topic across the globe. In the United States, its status remains the same. Hydraulic fracturing is a method of oil and natural gas production. The process includes the drilling of pipes 1-1.5 miles within the earth. After that pipe is secured and has an impermeable layer around the pipe, a tool that creates small holes within the impermeable layer is sent down through the pipe. It creates holes in the pipe that allowsRead MoreHow Fracturing Is Supplying About 2.1 Million Jobs1537 Words   |  7 Pagessupplying about 2.1 million jobs to American citizens. Federal regulations and laws have already been set in place for fracturing in the future. The number of marketing natural gas skyrocketed from 2008 to 2012. I n Pennsylvania alone there are 9000 wells and is expected to create 211,000 jobs around 2020. Other states such as Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, North Dakota, Ohio, and Texas are major states where hydraulic fracturing has taken place. Investing in fracking could be a potential solution asRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing And Its Effects On The Environment1737 Words   |  7 Pagesharmful to the environment as other forms of oil and natural gas extraction. Hydraulic Fracturing is becoming a widely used natural method of Petroleum and Natural Gas extraction. Hydraulic Fracturing can also be referred to as Hydro Fracking, or just Fracking. Fracking has become very controversial because of the threats it poses on the environment. In short, Hydrofracking is done by injecting water and sand into a Shale formation nearly seven thousand feet underground. After this is completed theyRead MoreHydraulic Fracking : Human Health, The Environment, And Economy Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracking I am originally from a small rural community in Ohio, which has poor regulation of the air and water quality which humans depend on to sustain life. Throughout the city, hydraulic fracking has become a common method to obtain energy to fuel our everyday extravagances. This method is misconceptualized to be a cleaner alternative to oil and coal, however, fracking has been found to be detrimental to human health, the environment, and economy. This city is known as Youngstown, Ohio

Essay on Religion and State - 2139 Words

Thomas Jefferson in his letter to Nehemiah Dodge said â€Å"The legislative powers of government reach actions only, and not opinions ... thus building a wall of separation between Church and State.†(Jefferson) The concept of the separation of religion from state has been battle that has endured through the furnace of time. While some may argue that religion and state should not be merged, a presumable equal population will agree that religion and state should not be separated. This paper will reflect on the history of religion and the State using the church as its point of reference. It will briefly discuss the existence of the Church before it merged with state, the church as it became one with the state, and subsequent its separation†¦show more content†¦No key decision or policy was carried out without consultation from the Church or its involvement. In the Age of reason, also known as the age of illumination or enlightenment showed that the populace and even Chr istians were getting sceptical of their Religion, with new discoveries and scientific findings issues such as natural law was baffling religious people and a small group of thinkers, philosophers and scientist came together and formed the Deist Religion. The Deist Religion simply acknowledges God as the Supreme Being, the maker of the heavens and the earth and the laws governing. Deists believe that God kept man and the natural laws in place and did not interfere with them.(Matthews and Platt, The Western Humanities) I feel that Deists represent the people today that uphold their values on religion and try to merge it with the natural law in order to keep it from criticism. In this phase of revolution among the people at that time, the people were seriously getting enlightened in various spheres of knowledge, from mathematics, medicine, philosophy etc. This caused a little repellent on the claims of the Christian religion which at that time was controlling the State. Christian philo sophy was the basis for all philosophy, then if the Church was to proclaim that for instance that the earth is theShow MoreRelatedReligion And State : Religion1508 Words   |  7 PagesSeparating religion and state is not as simple as it may seem. Many ancient civilizations relied on religion to guide them and give their lives a purpose. Some civilizations were even built on the words of their gods. This did not mean every civilization enforced religion to the same extent, societies located in places like Egypt and Asia prioritized religion more than others like the early Mesopotamians. Different documents and pieces of writing emerged though the discovery of these civilizationsRead MoreReligion And Religion Of The United States2992 Words   |  12 Pages Religion Discrimination SANDRA WHITE 1 Religion is one of the biggest differences separating the world into different parts. There is no other source from since the beginning of time which caused more harm and argument among mankind than Religion. Religion has always been aRead MoreReligion And The State Of Rousseau1263 Words   |  6 PagesMoran Levi 2/11/2016 Paper Proposal #1 Professor LeMoine Peer Draft Religion and the state Rousseau Every person has religions beliefs that inform their point of view. This affects how one acts in the world. For that reason, it is believed that a nations prevailing religious belief system affects its politics. this is accurate in countries that attempt to maintain the separation between the church and the state as well as countries that are openly theocratic. in order to get a better understandingRead MoreReligion And The United States Essay1983 Words   |  8 PagesReligion and the United States have an interesting relation over the history of the United States. Religious conservatives portray the United States as being God’s chosen nation and that religion influences every facet and procedure of the United States. Liberals try to contend that the United States is a bastion of secularization and that the founders were not particularly religious. David Sehat in his book, The Myth of American Religious Freedom, shows that religion has played a significant roleRead MoreSyria Is The Religion Of The State2053 Words   |  9 Pagesannulled in 1962.(1) A provisional constitution then took place in 1964 and annulled two years later. (1) A final constitution was put into place in 1973. (1) The constitution stated that one must be a Muslim to be head of state, even though Islam isn’t considered the religion of the state.(1) Islamic law is still supported by the constitution but the idea of public worship is frowned upon. (1) Syria has been under attack from their government and has been fighting in a Civil war since March of 2011.Read MoreReligion and the United State Consitution1500 Words   |  6 PagesNo other independent enlightenment in the world allows individual independence to the United States of America. American courts, especially the Supreme Court, have improved a set of lawful policies that comprehensively shelter all types of the power of appearance. When it comes to appraising the level to which people take benefit of the occasion to convey believes, many members of culture can be accountable for misusing the boundary of the First Amendment through openly offending others throughRead MoreReligion And Politics : The United States2322 Words   |  10 PagesReligion And Politics The United States has a written document known as the constitution that protects the rights of its citizens. Contrary to popular belief, Americans do not possess what some consider â€Å"constitutional rights† rather we have God-given rights protected by the constitution. Our founding fathers had an understanding of this truth, and made it clear in the Declaration Of Independence. It states â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that theyRead MoreModernization : Feminists, Religion, The State1910 Words   |  8 PagesJamal Elsaghir Eng-132 Joseph Doherty May 6th, 2015 Modernization: Feminists, Religion, the State Prompt: How have states understood the notion of â€Å"modernity† and applied it to the matter of women’s rights? Can you discern any themes or trends in the examples we read about this week? In his article: Who Wears Hijab with the President: Constructing a Modern Islam in Tunisia, Simon Hawkins suggests, â€Å"the category of modernity is notoriously varied and contentious, with an overabundance of bothRead More Exemplification Essay: Mixing of Religion and the State1131 Words   |  5 Pagescomplete separation of church and state is best for the church and is best for the state. However, throughout history the roles between religion and American public life remain interwoven and continue to shape our beliefs and values. In order to begin to understand the role of religion in American public life, one must first recognize that religion is present in many aspects of ones life. Even though the United States Constitution provides for separation of religion and government, most aspectsRead MoreReligion And The Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1729 Words   |  7 Pagescommon topic being debated. There is much debate on whether religion is the cause of the wars we are fighting in this modern day. The most current terrorist group today is ISIS or The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. They are oppressing and destroying their fellow Syrian’s and Iraqi’s and they are spreading alarm and panic across the world with their violence and destruction. ISIS is a Muslim society, which paints a negative picture on the religion, but they are extremists. ISIS does not speak for the

America Is Known For Its Freedom Of Speech - 1682 Words

America is known for its freedom of speech. The dynamics of the American political system gives the American people a voice in what goes on in the government. The right to vote gives all citizens the opportunity to vote on various positions in the government and local areas. Political parties perform a number of functions for the American political system. The functions and components of political parties, interest group activity, electoral politics, public opinion, political participation, and political socialization, all are essential factors towards the influences of the American political system. A political party refers to a group of people that are organized to gather knowledge and exercise political power. These groups are formed by citizens that enable individuals to have influence on government affairs and processes. The goal of a political party is to recruit, nominate, and elect individuals to office, in hope of gaining control over government power through the capture of public offices and the organization of the government (Laucella, 4/5/16). Political parties provide effective means through which individuals express themselves and make decisions on appropriate system of government. The function of political parties is that it provides citizens with a basis for participation in politics. It helps socialize and educate voters by making them aware of issues and by encouraging their participation within the established political processes. AsShow MoreRelatedAmerican History : Essential American Documents1353 Words   |  6 PagesRoosevelt s â€Å"Four Freedoms† speech and â€Å"Request for Declaration of War on Japan†, Abraham Lincoln’s â€Å"Gettysburg Address† and â€Å"Second Inaugural Address†, and Susan B Anthony’s â€Å"Women’s Right to the Suffrage†. These five speeches changed America at the time to what we have and live by today. The first, of the five, is Franklin Delano Roosevelt s â€Å"Four Freedoms† speech. â€Å"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.† - FranklinRead MoreAmeric Essential American Document1356 Words   |  6 PagesRoosevelt s â€Å"Four Freedoms† speech and â€Å"Request for Declaration of War on Japan†, Abraham Lincoln’s â€Å"Gettysburg Address† and â€Å"Second Inaugural Address†, and Susan B Anthony’s â€Å"Women’s Right to the Suffrage†. These five speeches changed America at the time to what we have and live by today. The first, of the five, is Franklin Delano Roosevelt s â€Å"Four Freedoms† speech. â€Å"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.† - FranklinRead MoreR s Four Freedoms1123 Words   |  5 PagesF.D.R s Four Freedoms Speech Franklin Delano Roosevelt served as president of the United States of America from 1933 until 1945 and is most famously known for his handling of one of the most difficult periods in American history, a time plagued by economic depression and war. FDR, as he came to be known, started a â€Å"New Deal† which focused on relief, recovery, and reform. He gave hope to the American people, ensuring to them that, â€Å"the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.† FDR changed theRead MoreAmeric Essential American Document1356 Words   |  6 PagesRoosevelt s â€Å"Four Freedoms† speech and â€Å"Request for Declaration of War on Japan†, Abraham Lincoln’s â€Å"Gettysburg Address† and â€Å"Second Inaugural Address†, and Susan B Anthony’s â€Å"Women’s Right to the Suffrage†. These five speeches changed America at the time to what we have and live by today. The first, of the five, is Franklin Delano Roosevelt s â€Å"Four Freedoms† speech. â€Å"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.† - FranklinRead MoreMy Fellow Americans: John F. Kennedy ´s Presidential Speech Analysis1028 Words   |  5 Pages1960 with John F. Kennedy was to be the president of the United States of America. 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Gibbs Nursing Model on Reflection Free Essays

Introduction There are a number of different models of reflection that are utilised by professionals to evaluate past experiences. The two main types of professional reflection are reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action (Somerville and Keeling, 2004). Reflection-on-action encourages individuals to re-live past events, with an emphasis on developing a more effective action plan for any future, similar events that may occur. We will write a custom essay sample on Gibbs Nursing Model on Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, this type of reflection does tend to focus more on the negative aspects of our actions rather than the positive behaviours that were demonstrated during the event that is being reflected upon (Somerville and Keeling, 2004). Reflection-in-action is a deeper and more interactive form of reflection that encourages individuals to observe and reflect on past situations from the point of view of themselves and of others around them at the time of the event. Self-reflection and reflection upon events that happened within a work environment are important for individuals within the nursing profession (Paget, 2001). Reflection allows medical professionals to challenge and develop their existing knowledge, maximising the opportunity for learning and to avoid mistakes that may have been made in the past (Royal College of Nursing, 2012). The Gibbs (1988) model of reflection suggests that the process of reflection is systematic and follows a number of specific steps in order to be successful. This model of reflection is a type of formal reflection, which draws on research and puts forward a theory as to how most effectively put into practice to process of reflection. The process can be broken down into six key steps: Description: this step explores the context of the event and covers fine details such as who was present at the event, where it happened and what happened. Feelings: this step encourages the reflector to explore their thoughts and feelings at the time of the event. Evaluation: this step encourages the nurse to make their own judgement about the event and to consider what went well and what went less well about the event. Analysis: this step delves even deeper into reflection on the event and encourages the nurse to break the event down into smaller episodes in order to facilitate analysis. Conclusions: this step explores the potential alternatives that may be used to deal with the situation that is being reflected upon. Action Plan: this is the final step in the reflection process. The action plan is put into place in order to deal more effectively with the situation if or when it may arise again. The Royal College of Nursing (2012) believes the Gibbs (1988) model of reflection to be particularly superior because emphasises the role of emotions and acknowledges their importance in the reflection process. Nursing can often be an emotionally charged career, especially for nurses working in areas such as psychiatric health and palliative care. Therefore, reflection on these emotions and exploration of how to manage them and improve management of them in the future is of particular importance in the nursing profession. Case Study Step One (Description) A young male patient aged 16 years came into the clinic around three days ago. He complained of low self-esteem and is feeling fed up and depressed because of pimples and spots on his face. The patient was worried thatgirls would not be attracted to him because of the spots. The consultation took place with just myself present, no other nurses were in the room at the time of the appointment. The consultation lasted around half an hour, during which time myself and the patient discussed the history of his problems with his skin and the emotional distress that the spots were causing him. The patient disclosed that he had begun to get spots at around age 14 when he had started puberty and that it had begun to make him feel extremely self-conscious. The patient described the negative effect that the acne was having. For example, he has been bullied at school and is feeling apprehensive about starting sixth form in September because he believes that he will be the only sixth former with s pots. Based on the reasonably lengthy history of the acne, the presence of acne on the face and the negative emotional effect that the acne was having, a three month dosage of oxytetracycline was prescribed for the patient. Step Two (Feelings) During the consultation I had a number of feelings. Primarily I felt sympathy for the client because his situation reminded me of my own time as a teenager. I suffered from bad skin from the ages of 14 to about 20 and it severely affected my own self-esteem. In a review of the literature, Dunn, O’Neill and Feldman (2011) have found that patients suffering from acne are more at risk of depression and other psychological disorders. However, the review also found that acne treatment may lead to improvement of the psychological disorder that are so often co-morbid. This made me feel re-assured that prescribing oxytetracycline had been the right thing to do. My own experiences of acne also meant that I was able to relate well to the patient. I also felt some anger during the consultation. This anger was directed at the patient’s peers who had been cruel enough to taunt and tease the patient because of his acne. I also felt regret and guilt. I regretted not referring the pati ent onwards for emotional support and for not exploring the psychological impact of the acne in more detail. I also felt a sense of pride that this young man had the courage to come to the clinic by himself to seek help for his acne. I remembered how upsetting acne was as a teenager and I remembered that I would have been too embarrassed to have ever gone to a clinic or to have sought help from an adult. In turn, I also felt happiness. I felt happy that this young man had come to the clinic and I felt happy that I was able to help him. Step Three (Evaluation) On evaluation, the event was good in a number of ways. Firstly it added to my experience of dealing with young people and in dealing with the problems that are unique to this population of patients. I have not had many young patients during my nursing career and I welcome the opportunity to gain experience with this group. Furthermore, it re-affirmed my career choice as a nurse. During your career you always have doubts as to whether you have chosen the correct path. However, there are points in your career when you feel sure that you have made the right choice. However, there were also some negative elements. Firstly, the appointment was quite short and I am worried that this may have made the patient feel rushed and uncomfortable. After the consultation I did some research into the effects of acne in young people. Purvis et al. (2006) have found that young people with acne are at an increased risk of suicide and that attention must be paid to their mental health. In particular, the authors found that directly asking about suicidal thoughts should be encouraged during consultations with young people. This information only served to make me feel more anxious and I wished that I had bought this up with the patient. Step Four (Analysis) On reflection, being able to relate to the patient increased my ability to deal more effectively with the situation. I feel that the patient was able to open up more to me because he sensed my sympathy for him and his situation. Randall and Hill (2012) interviewed children aged between 11 and 14 years about what makes a ‘good’ nurse. It was found that the ability to connect to them was extremely important and so I think this is why the patient felt comfortable opening up to me. On reflection, I am also now convinced that the patient coming to see me was a very positive event. The patient could have chosen to go on suffering and could have chosen not to open up and talk about the problems his acne was causing. In a review of the literature, Gulliver, Griffiths and Christensen (2010) found that young people perceived embarrassment and stigma as barriers to accessing healthcare. Therefore, it could have been very easy for the patient to have avoided coming and seeking help. I felt a range of both positive and negative emotions during the consultation, and I think this re-affirmed for me that I enjoy nursing and enjoy helping others. It is important to genuinely care about patients and to provide them with the best care possible. This would be hard to do if you did not feel empathy for patients. The experience also helped me realise that I need to actively search out training and learning opportunities regarding working with young people with mental health issues. Step Five (Conclusion) If the same situation was to arise again I think that I would approach it in a slightly different way. In particular, I would have offered to refer the patient to further support services. During the consultation the patient mentioned that he felt that the spots on his face made him unattractive to the opposite sex. In addition to providing medication to get to the biological and physiological roots of the problem, on reflection I think it would have been beneficial to the patient to have provided information about charities that offer self-esteem and confidence building. Such charities that offer these services include Young Minds (http://www.youngminds.org.uk/) and Mind (http://www.mind.org.uk/). In retrospect, I also believe that I should have given the patient a longer consultation time in order for us to have explored the psychological impact of his acne in more detail. Coyne (2008) has found that young people are rarely involved in the decision-making process when it comes to t heir consultations. Therefore, giving the patient more time to discuss his problems may have improved his sense of wellbeing as he felt more involved in his care process. Step Six (Action Plan) There are a number of elements to my action plan. Firstly, I will make sure that in the future the consultation room has leaflets and information pertaining to mental health problems in young people. This way, young people can access the information if they perhaps feel too embarrassed to talk about it. Hayter (2005) has found that young people accessing health clinics put a high value on a non-judgemental approach by health staff. Therefore, in future I would be sure to be aware of my attitude and make sure that either subconsciously or consciously; I am not making any judgements about the patient. Hayter (2005) also found that young people had serious concerns regarding confidentiality, especially during busy times at the clinic. Therefore, in the future I would be certain to reassure young people that their details and consultations are kept completely confidential. To re-assure young patients, I may ask them to sign a confidentiality form, which I will also sign in front of them. Furthermore, my action plan will include improving my knowledge and awareness of working with young people as a nursing professional. This will allow me to increase the tools and skills I have for dealing with young people with complex needs. During the consultation I felt anger toward the patient’s peers who had teased him. In the future, I will focus on being more objective when dealing with a patient who has been the victim of bullying. References Coyne, I. (2008) Children’s participation in consultations and decision-making at health service level: A review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(11), pp. 1682-1689. Dunn, L.K., O’Neill, J.L. and Feldman, S.R. (2011) Acne in adolescents: Quality of life, self-esteem, mood and psychological disorders. Dermatology Online Journal, 17(1). Available at: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4hp8n68p [Accessed 20 October 2013]. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford: Further Education Unit. Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K.M. and Christensen, H. (2010) Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), pp. 113. Hayter, M. (2005) Reaching marginalised young people through sexual health nursing outreach clinics: Evaluating service use and the views of service users. Public Health Nursing, 22(4), pp. 339-346. Paget, T. (2001) Reflective practice and clinical outcomes: practitioner’s views on how reflective practice has influenced their clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10(2), pp. 204-214. Purvis, D., Robinson, E., Merry, S. and Watson, P. (2006) Acne, anxiety, depression and suicide in teenagers: A cross-sectional survey of New Zealand secondary school. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 42(12), pp. 793-796. Randall, D. and Hill, A. (2012) Consulting children and young people on what makes a good nurse. Nursing Children and Young People, 24(3), pp. 14. Royal College of Nursing (2012) An exploration of the challenges of maintaining basic human rights in practice. London: Royal College of Nursing. How to cite Gibbs Nursing Model on Reflection, Essay examples

Rachel and her children Essay Example For Students

Rachel and her children Essay The first book I read was Rachel and Her Children, by Jonathan Kozol. The author created an image in the readers mind of the harsh circumstances and living conditions of todays homeless families. Through his personal encounters and interviews with these families he dramatizes the effects of the living conditions on the psychological and physical health of the homeless, especially the children and pregnant women. The author thought it seemed almost contradictory to call these people homeless. Todays society has the common belief that the homeless are all alike and stereotype them as a drunken poor bum who is too lazy to work. Yet on page 57, Mr. Allesandro, a homeless person, clearly states: I would do anything if I could have a decent job.Its not only the lives of the unemployed adults that are affected but also the lives of their children. The stories of the lack of education afforded them, along with the unbearable living conditions makes me wonder why such innocent people are not given a chance in life. The author, on page 90, states we are creating a diseased, distorted, uneducated and malnourished generation of children who will grow into the certainty of an unemployable adulthood. Thinking of this statement, I feel our society doesnt realize that the homelessness problem of the present is only going to hurt future generations. The President seems to be giving the public the idea that government spending on the homeless is being used the best possible way, when in truth, cities spend more money to keep the homeless in the hotels then if they lived in regular apartments. And why dont we question the President on how he is spending money to store surplus food? He defends the money allocated by Congress to transport food when in fact the transportation of food costs less than its storage. Without giving you a complete summary of the book I am still left pondering over one personal issue I cant figure out. Reading these terrible but truthful facts I feel moral ly obligated to help. Although if I were to actually walk through the city, I would still feel that the further I stay away from the homeless, the more I feel in my safety zone or comfort zone. Its the sad but undeniable truth I must admit to you. I applaud Jonathan Kozol for writing about these issues which created a whole new image of todays society for me. Bibliography:

Entrepreneurship Process and Principles Essay Example For Students

Entrepreneurship Process and Principles Essay Entrepreneurship process and principles Chapter: Introduction to Entrepreneurship process and principles Definition of entrepreneur -According to American Heritage Dictionary, â€Å"Entrepreneur is a person who organizes, operates and assumes the risk for business venture† -According to Skinner SJ and Ivancevich JM,† An entrepreneur is a person who takes the risks necessary to organize and manage a business and receives the financial profits and monetary rewards† -Entrepreneur is a person who organizes and assumes the risk of his or her own venture†. Meaning and definition of Entrepreneurship According to R. M. Hodgehs,-‘Entrepreneurship is the process of organizing, managing and assuming the risk of a business. † Entrepreneurship is the capacity for innovation, investment, and expansion in new markets, products and techniques. So entrepreneurship is considered as the act of assuming the risk and task of an entrepreneur, so it is the act of starti ng a business. Definition of Intrapreneurship -The term intrapreneurship refers to entrepreneurial activities that receive organizational sanction and resource commitments for the purpose of innovative results. Definition of Intrapreneur -According to Griffin, â€Å"Intrapreneur is an extrepreneurial person employed by a corporation and encouraged to be innovative and creative, a person with entrepreneurial characteristics who is employed within a large corporation, moreover, intrapreneurs are usually found in enterprises that encourage experimentation, tolerate failure, recognize success and share the wealth. Differences between Entrepreneuer and Intrapreneur. The basic differences are: DifferenceEntrepreneurIntrapreneur 1. DependencyAn entrepreneur is independent in his operationsBut an intrapreneur is dependent on the entrepreneur i. e. , the owner. 2. Raisingof fundsAn entrepreneur himself raises funds required for the enterprise. Funds are not raised by the entrepreneur only operate it. 3. RiskEntrepreneur bears the risk involved in the business. An intrapreneur does not fully bear the risk involved in the enterprise. 4. OperationsAn entrepreneur operates from outside. An intrapreneur operates from within the organization itself. Characteristics attributed to entrepreneur An entrepreneur’s characteristics attributed are following:- 1. Entrepreneurs are in committed, determine and perseverance. 2. Drive to achieve- Entrepreneur play challenging role to achieve something new. 3. Opportunity orientation- A successful entrepreneur is opportunity hunger, his focus is on opportunity rather than resource structure and strategy. 4. Initiative and Responsibility- An entrepreneur is a person who always take new right initiative and retain greater responsibility of business. . Seeking Feedback-Entrepreneur always evaluate his or her performance, his employees, and overall his business performance. 6. Internal locus of control-Entrepreneur believes and formulates himself as internal locus of controllable person for success of his business. Type A personality. 7. Tolerance of ambiguity- Entrepreneur tolerates of different unacceptable and ambigus situation as well as tactfully solve it. 8. Calculate risk taking-He is a sound calculator of risk and retain the ability of good judgments and analytical skills. 9. Tolerance of failure- Entrepreneurs use failure as a learning experience. 10. Creativity and innovativeness- He has vast creativity and innovative ideas. 11. Vision-Entrepreneurs know where they want to go. They have a vision and concept of what their firm can be. 12. Independence- The desire for independence s a driving force behind entrepreneurs. Functions of an Entrepreneur(For entrepreneurship) Functions of an entrepreneur are two types:- A) General functions:- 1) Risk taking- without taking risk entrepreneurs cannot take any initiative. Risk involved in every work and effort. ) Innovation- According to economists, an entrepreneur is a person with innovation and creativity. 3) Development and Extension of existing venture:-Entrepreneurs also find out potential customers and markets. He can not only set up a venture but also strive for the extension and continues growth of it. 4) Management and Marketing- When an entrepreneur establishes a new enterprise, he obliged to manage that obligation and run it properly. B) Specific function:- 1) Idea generation and scanning of the best suitable one. 2) Determination of business objectives. ) Product analysis and marketing research 4) Determination and form of ownership. 5) Completion of promotional formalities 6) Raising necessary funds 7) Purchasing machine and materials 8) Recruitment of people 9) Undertaking the business operations. Distinction between entrepreneur and a manager. The major points of distinction are below: PointsEntrepreneurManager 1. MotiveThe main motive of an entrepreneur is to start a venture by setting up an enterprise. But the main motive of a manager is to render his services in an enterprise at ready setup by someone else. . StatusAn entrepreneur is the owner of the enterpriseA manager is the servant in the enterprise owned by the entrepreneur. 3. Risk bearingAn entrepreneur assumes all risks and uncertainty involved in running the organization. A manager as the servant does not bear any r isk involved In the enterprise. 4. RewardsThe rewards an entrepreneur gets for bearing risks involved in the enterprise in profit, which is highly uncertain. A manager gets salary as a reward for the services rendered by him in the enterprise. Salary of a manager is certain and fixed. . InnovationEntrepreneur act as innovator also called a change agent. Manager does is simply to calculate the plans prepared by the entrepreneur. 6. QuaifficationsAs entrepreneur needs to process qualities and qualifications like high achievement motive, originality in thinking , foresight ,risk bearing ability and so on. A manager needs to possess distinct qualifications in terms of sound knowledge in management theory and practice. So at times, an entrepreneur can be a manager also but a manager cannot be an entrepreneur. Types of Entrepreneurs. Basing on a research entrepreneurs are classified into four types which are:- 1) Innovative entrepreneur:-An innovating entrepreneur is one who introduces ne w goods, inaugurates new methods of production, discovers new market and recognizes the enterprise. 2) Imitative Entrepreneur: These entrepreneurs are characterized by readiness to adopt successful innovations inaugurated by innovating entrepreneurs. Imitative entrepreneurs don’t innovate the changes themselves; they only imitate techniques and technology involved by others. ) Fabian Entrepreneurs: Fabian entrepreneurs are characterized by very great caution and skepticism in experimenting any change in their enterprises. They imitate only when it becomes perfectly clear that if he not accept the change he will fail in business. 4) Drone entrepreneurs: These are characterized by a refusal to adopt opportunities to make changes in production formulate even at the cost of severely reduced returns relative to other like producers such entrepreneurs may even suffer from losses but they are not ready to make change in their existing. Following are some more types of entrepreneurs listed by some other behavioral scientists: Solo operators: these are the entrepreneurs who essentially work alone and, if needed at all, employ a few employees. Active partners: Active partners are those entrepreneurs who start /carry on an enterprise as joint venture it is important that all of them active participate in the operations of the business. Inventors: such entrepreneurs with their competence and inventiveness invent new products. Their basic interest lies in research ad innovative activities. Challengers: These are the entrepreneurs who plunge into industry because of the challenges it presents. When one challenge seems to be met, they begin to look for new challenges. Buyers: these are those entrepreneurs who do not like to bear some risk. Hence in order to reduce risk involved in setting up new enterprise, the like to buy ongoing on. Life timers: these entrepreneurs take business as an integral part of their life. Usually, family enterprise and business which mainly depend on exercise of personal skill fall in this type/category of entrepreneurs. Meaning of entrepreneurship development Entrepreneurship development consists of awareness about the entrepreneurial opportunities basing on survey, implementation of training programs to develop motivation and management skill, and providing infrastructural support of counseling, assisting, to establish a new enterprise and to develop existing units. So entrepreneurship development is encouraging I encouraging or developing to be an entrepreneur. Phases of Entrepreneurship Development Broadly, entrepreneurship development consists of these following phases:- 1) Initial phase: In these phase covered by creation of awareness about the entrepreneurial opportunities basing on survey. For instance here entrepreneur forecast demand and seeking opportunity. 2) Development phase: Implementation of training programs to develop motivation and management skills. Suppose –for a poultry or diary firm establishing needs training to those persons who will be an entrepreneur through this firm. 3) Support phase:-Infrastructural support of counseling, assisting to establish a new enterprise and to develop existing units. For example, Government has to provide counseling how finance, and other infrastructural support say youth development program, poly technique institute etc. National benefits of entrepreneurship/importance of entrepreneurship in the economic development of a country. Entrepreneurship plays an important roe inn the economic development of a country. Entrepreneurs are surely benefits to the nation at least 4 national benefits are:- 1) Entrepreneurship fosters economic growth. 2) Entrepreneurship creates new technologies products and services. 3) Entrepreneurship changes and rejuvenates market competition. Entrepreneurs stir up the waters of competition in the market place. 4) Entrepreneurship increases productivity –Entrepreneurship has been recognized for its dynamic role in rising productivity. The two to higher productivity are RD and investment in new plant and machinery. So there is closer relationship of these two and entrepreneurship. The importances of economic development through entrepreneurship are highlited below: 1)Proper utilization of resource – economic development of a country depends on the proper utilization of human and non- human resources. Entrepreneurs extend help in this regard by accumulating the scattered resources and make them productive by establishing new venture. 2)Industrialization-initiative is very much important for industrialization. Entrepreneurship is the process by which entrepreneur take initiatives by establishing new ventures. 3)Creation of employment opportunities: Entrepreneurship contributes substantially by crating employment opportunity for economic development. They establish new organizations that employment labor force. )Other contributions:- There are some other fields where entrepreneurship contribute, such as to increase national income, rate environment for innovation, change personal consumption, development infrastructure ad above all change the standard of living of people. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Sheet1 Cha pter1 Entrepreneurship Development Chapter2 Definitions and Framework Entrepreneur: Definition The word â€Å"entrepreneur† is derived form the French verb entreprendre. It means â€Å"to undertake†. In the early 15th century, the Frenchmen who organized and led military expeditions were referred to as â€Å"entrepreneurs†. Around 1700 A. D. the term was used for architects and contractors of public work. The term â€Å"entrepreneur† was applied to business initially by the French economist, Cantillion, I the 18th century, to designate a dealer who purchases the means of production for combining them into marketable products. The Entrepreneur: Other Definition Adam Smith described entrepreneur as a person who only provides capital without taking active part in the leading role in enterprise. Richard Cantillion considered all persons engaged in economic activity as entrepreneurs. Marx regarded entrepreneur as asocial parasite. Joseph A. Schumpter recognized a person one who introduces innovative changes is an entrepreneur. He treated entrepreneur as an integral part of economic growth. The fundamental resources source of disequilibrium was the entrepreneur. Noah Webster thinks entrepreneur is one who assumes he risk and management of business. Robert D. Hisrich says, The person who is going to establish a successful new business venture must also be a visionary leader- a person who dreams great dreams. Although there are many definitions of leadership, the one that best describes the needed entrepreneurial leadership is: A leader is like a gardener. When you want a tomato, you take a seed, put it in a fertile soil, ad carefully water under care. You don’t manufacture tomatoes, you grow them. Martin Luther King said, â€Å"I have a dream, and thousands followed in spite of overwhelming obstacles. In order to establish a successful new business venture the entrepreneurial leader must have a dream and work against all obstacles to achieve it. Entrepreneur is one who distinguishes as a person who undertakes to organize, mange and assume the risk of running factory and /or a business or a enterprise. Entrepreneurship is neither a science nor an art. It is a practice. It has a knowledge base. Knowledge in entrepreneurship is a means to an end. Indeed, what constitutes knowledge in practice s largely defined by the ends, that is, by practice. V. V. I definations ?The New Encyclope dia Britannica considers an entrepreneur as â€Å"an individual who bears the risk of operating a business In the face of uncertainty about future conditions. Leading economists of all schools, including Karl Marx, have emphasized the contribution of the entrepreneurs to the development of economics. ?Schumpter’s definition of entrepreneur: Joseph A. Scumpter thus writes: â€Å"The entrepreneur is an advanced economy is an individual who introduces something new in the economy-a method of production not yet tested y experience in the branch of manufacturing concerned, a product with which consumers are not yet familiar, a new source of raw material or of new markets and the like† ? In the case of developing economy like ours, the concept is being understood differently. Entrepreneur in a developing is one who stars an industry (old or new), undertake risk, bear uncertainties and also performs the managerial functions of decision –making and co—ordination. Concept of entrepreneurship In the words of A. H. Cole, entrepreneurship is the purposeful activity of an individual or a group of associated individuals, undertaken to initiate, maintain or organize a profit oriented business unit for the production of distribution of economic goods and services. McClelland describes the innovative characteristics of entrepreneurial role. Entrepreneurial role, bye definition, involves doing things in a new and better way. A businessman who simply behaves in a traditional way is not an entrepreneur. Moreover, entrepreneurial role calls for decision making under uncertainty. McClelland, like others, identified two characteristics of entrepreneurship. First, doing things â€Å"in a new and better way†. This is synonymous with the innovative characteristics given by Schumpter and secondly, decision making under uncertainty. Higgins defines the terms as, â€Å"Entrepreneurship is meant the function of seeing investment and production opportunity, organizing an enterprise to undertake a new production process, raising capital, hiring labor, arranging for supply of raw materials and selecting top managers for the day- to- day operation on the enterprise. † According to Peter Ducker, â€Å"Entrepreneurship is neither a science nor an art. It is a practice. It has a knowledge base. Knowledge in entrepreneurship is a means to the end. Indeed, what constitutes knowledge in practice is largely defined by the ends, that is, by the practice. † The Myths of Entrepreneurship Throughout the years many myths have arisen about entrepreneurship. These myths are the result of a lack of research in entrepreneurship. Ten of the most notable myths with an explanation to dispel each myth appear below. Myth1: Entrepreneurs are doers, not thinkers While it is true that entrepreneurs have a tendency toward action, they are also thinkers. Indeed they are often very methodical people who plan their moves carefully. The emphasis today on creation of clear and complete business plans is an introduction that â€Å"thinking† entrepreneurs are as important as doing† entrepreneurs. Myth2:Entrepreneures are born, not made The idea that the characteristics of entrepreneurs cannot be taught or learned, that they are innate traits which one must be born, has long been prevalent these traits include aggressiveness, initiative, drive, a willingness to take risks, analytical ability, and skill in human relations. Today, however, the recognition of entrepreneurship as a discipline is helping to dispel this myth. Like all disciplines, entrepreneurship has models, processes, and case studies that allow the topics to be studied and the traits acquired. Myth3: Entrepreneurs are always Inventors The idea that entrepreneurs are inventors is a result of misunderstanding and tunnel vision. While many inventors are also entrepreneurs, there are numerous entrepreneurs who encompass all sorts of innovative activity. For example, Ray Kroc did not invent the first food franchise, but his innovative ideas made McDonalds the largest fast food enterprise in the world. A contemporary understanding of entrepreneurship covers more than just invention. There must be a compel understanding of innovative behavior of all forms. Myth4:Entrepreneurs are Academic and Social Misfits The belief that entrepreneurs are academically and socially ineffective is a result of some business owners having started successful enterprises after dropping out of school or quitting a job. In many cases such as event has been blown out of proportion in an attempt to profile the typical entrepreneur. Business education, for example, was aimed primarily at the study of corporate activity. Today the entrepreneur is considered a hero- socially, economically, and academically. No longer a misfit, the entrepreneur, the entrepreneur is now viewed as a professional. Myth5:Entrepreneur Must Fit the â€Å" Profile† Many books and articles have presented checklists of characteristics of the successful entrepreneur. These lists were neither validated nor complete; they were based on case studies and on research findings among achievement- oriented people. Today we realize that a standard entrepreneurial profile is hard to compile. The environment, the venture itself, and the entrepreneur have interactive effects, which result in many different types of profiles. Myth6: All you need is money to be an entrepreneur It is true that a venture needs capital to survive; it is also true that a large number of business failures occur because of lack of adequate financing. Yet having money is not the only bulwark against failure. Failure due to a lack of proper financing often is an indicator of other problems: managerial incompetence, lack of financial understanding, poor investments, poor planning, and the like. Myth7:Allyou need is luck to be an Entrepreneur Being at the right place at the right time is always an advantage. But â€Å"luck happens when preparation meets opportunity† is an equally appropriate adage. Prepared entrepreneurs who seize the opportunity when it arises often appear to be â€Å"lucky†. They are, in face, simply better prepared to deal with solutions and turn them into success. Myth8: Ignorance is bliss for an entrepreneur The myth that too much planning and evaluation lead to constant problems, that overanalyzes leas to paralysis, does not hold up in today’s competitive markets, which demand detailed planning ad preparation. Identifying the strengths and weakness of a venture, setting up clear timetables with contingencies for handling problems, and minimizing these problems through careful strategy formulation- all are factors in successful entrepreneurship. Myth9: Entrepreneurs seek success but experience high failure rates It is true that many entrepreneurs suffer a number of failures before they are successful. They follow the adage â€Å"If at first you do not succeed, try, and try again. † In fact, failure can teach many lessons to those willing to learn and often leads to future success. This is clearly seen through the corridor principle, which states that with every venture lunched, new and unintended opportunities often arise. The 3M Company invented â€Å"Post it† notes using glue that had not been string enough for its intended use. Rather then through away the glue, the company focused on finding anther use of it and, in the process, developed a multimillion – dollar product. Yet the statistics of entrepreneurial failure rates have been misleading over the years. In fact, one researcher, Bruce A Kirchofff, has reported that the high failure rate most commonly accepted may be misleading. Myth10: Entrepreneurs are Extreme Risk Takers( Gamblers) The public perception of the risk assumed by most entrepreneurs is distorted. While it mat appears that an entrepreneur is â€Å"gambling† or wild chance, the fact is that the entrepreneur is usually working on a moderate or â€Å"calculated† risk. Most successful entrepreneurs are work hard through planning and preparation or minimize the risk involved in order to better control the destiny of their vision. Importance of Entrepreneurship in The Economic Development of a Country Entrepreneurship plays an important role in the economic development of a country. Night EssayThe view of David C. McClelland is that, the high extent of achievement motivation activated entrepreneurs. The life histories of Rock Feller, Henry Ford, etc support this statement. He also viewed the people who devote themselves to attain success or to engage in creative activities are also entrepreneurs in the light of McClellands view; entrepreneurs can be divided into two types: 1. Owner entrepreneur 2. employed entrepreneur The entrepreneurs of first category are quite independent because they are owners of their own businesses. So hey bear a high extent of each motivation. While entrepreneurs of the second category possess the need for achievement but less than those of the first category. McClelland further stated that a desire to do well, not so much for the sake of social recognition or prestige, but for an inner feeling of personal accomplishment, induces people to be an entrepreneur. Individuals with string motivation for achievement are entrepreneurs having the following distinct characteristics. Take personal Responsibility Those who possess a strong degree of ankh, tend to take personal responsibility. They want to be successful by their own intelligence. Moderate Risk People possessing high degree of ankh always set moderate goals, which are attainable. They always take moderate or calculated risk, usually having 50% certainly and 50% uncertainty. They don’t take any risk with emotions. Seek Feedback High ach people always like to get feedback or reaction of what they do. This feedback propels them towards future actions. Sacrifice Small Interest for the Sake of Big One McClelland expressed in another study conducted in 40 countries that the nation’s with high degree of ankh made or reached economic progress. Thus, analyzing the result of the study of McClelland it can be concluded that the people who are successful entrepreneurs possess a high degree of achievement motivation. Motive – Acquisition Theory This theory is nothing but a revised version of McCalland’s Achievement Motivation Theory. This theory expresses that the mentality and personality of people are not I born, but they age flexible and changes the situation. An individual can be influenced and activated towards a goal by changing his / her talking, mentality, attitude, etc. such changes could be made possible by frequent training and development programs. This theory is termed is motivation acquisition theory. McClelland conducted a study in India to test the hypothesis. He arranged a training program for some owners of the grocery shops and found that all these owners went on to become successful businessmen. Thus, it can be concluded that training and extending other motivational supports can create entrepreneurs. Risk Taking Theory Richard Cantillion and John Sturt Mill, introduced risk taking theory. The essence of this theory is that the entrepreneurs should have the inclination to take moderate risk and ability to bear that risk. Economists explained hat the entrepreneurs must have the ability to take risk. On the other hand, psychologists viewed hat entrepreneurs should bear the mentality to take risk. The first one is denoted as the results of being as entrepreneur and second one is termed as cause. Economists do not find any boundary of taking risk while, psychologists thought there should be a limit which the entrepreneurs w ould take risk. They said that entrepreneurs will always take moderate or calculated risk. Those who are likely to take a high risk are not entrepreneurs rather than are gamblers. Real entrepreneurs take medium type of risk. Internal External Locus of Control Prof. J. D. Rotter of Ohio University is the originator of this theory. Locus of control is of two types 🙠 i) Internal and (ii) External. Human being is the product of the society, and social situation determines whether a person will be externally or internally oriented or not. Internal Locus of Control Internal Locus of Control could be defined as self- confidence extreme belief over ones ability and power. Foe example, if a person invests money in a business undertaking believing and thinking that he/she will be able to yield an expected return, we can call him/her an internal locus of control oriented person. Their own confidence and belief propel these people. External Locus of Control If an individual thinks that everything is out of his/ her control, then the person’s locus of control is external. Values, beliefs, traditions fall under locus of control. This is exactly opposite of internal locus of control orientation. Internal –External locus of control theory highlights the self confidence of a person, the dependency of fortune, and external environment. People have different mentalities. Entrepreneurs who have a high quality of self-confidence want to be controlled by him/her. Autonomy of Independence Motivation Theory This theory is some extent similar to the theory of internal-external locus of control theory. This theory tends to emphasize on the independent thinking of entrepreneurs. Self confidence, self-controlling ability and ability to think independently are said to be the psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs. People, who have this characteristic, are able to adapt themselves with the changing situations and can avoid social condemnation can be successful entrepreneurs. These traits help them to express their creative and innovative power of practice. Creativity or Innovation Theory Creativity is concerned with the origin of new and fundamental ideas or views. Creative individuals use their talents, thinking ability, etc. to create something new and with the help of various techniques they bring new ideas into practice. A person who has creativity and innovation capacity must do something new which is meaningful not only for him/her but for the society as well. Creativity may be of two types: i) Creating something new which was never done invented by others: and ii) Presentation an old idea in a new form. That is, to invent some new use of an old thing or idea. Creativity is a quality related to idea orientation and innovation. It is concerned with idea implementation as well. Power motivation Theory Power generally refers to the authority to do certain task properly. David C McClelland explained that the desire of one to have control over others is power. He also added that power influences people and that influences make a man powerful. Power can be two types: i)personal power ii)social power Personal power is related to self –interest while, social power is related to social interest. Entrepreneurs usually seek personal power. Leadership power id democratic while the power of entrepreneurs is always autocratic in nature. Sociological- Anthropogical –Cultural theory Sociological theory is concerned with the social condition, while anthropological theory is concerned with culture. Anthropology deals with the culture of people. The socio-cultural factors have a substantial influence in creating entrepreneurs as well as entrepreneurship. Many psychologists disagree as they view that only intention and mentality act in creating entrepreneurs. But the influence of socio- cultural factors cannot be totally discarded. Because there are instances where people have become entrepreneurs due to social reasons. If society creates some facilities available other than business, people will have a tendency to involve in professions other than commerce. There are socio-cultural motives or factors that act in creating entrepreneurs. These factors of variables are described below. Traditional Values and Modern Values Traditional values refer to traditional and cultural flows that are practiced in traditional society. Traditionally people like to be happy which they have. They do not like something new where risk is evolved. This is also inherent characteristics of human beings. For example, Bangladesh was under colonial rule for a long time. Due to the rule, colonial mentality and attributed have taken root within the people, which is influencing us to be bureaucrats rather than entrepreneurs. As a result of these traditional values, people are motivated to be bureaucrats. On the other hand modern values are absolutely opposite to the traditional ones. Modern values discard all these traditional values and energize people to be entrepreneurs. Modern values explain that business is the only way to earn independently and the entrepreneurs can dominate economic development of a country by doing business. Religious Values Famous germen social scientist Max Weber (1930) mentioned in his famous book ‘the protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism† that religious values are great hindrances for creating entrepreneurs. Infact religious values recommend the practice of feudalism. But after an era of feudalism, when capitalistic system was introduces d a positive relation comes into existence between capitalistic system and religious values. Some mentioned that religious values could not create entrepreneurs rather create problem in the process of entrepreneur creation. Another prominent scholar Duisenery did not support the total view of Max Waber. He said that only in some selected cases, religious values facilitate the creation of entrepreneurs. Because of anthropological influence, people shoe the tendency to be entrepreneurs. Due to social and cultural change and various situations, people found them in business to maintain their livelihood, e. g. , a large number of entrepreneurs engaged in a migrant community. There are three different theories of entrepreneurship in anthropology. They are (i)Urban orientation theory (ii)Marginal and tension theory (iii)Social cohesion theory Urban Orientation Theory Great differences are found between culture and people. In his famous book â€Å"The theory of social change† Prof. Hagen said that family tradition is the key determinant of the status of rural people, while, financial condition is the element to evaluate the status of the urban people. Due to this attitude and mentality of urban people, a number of entrepreneurs are found in urban areas. But as rural people do not bear such attitude the number of entrepreneurs is much lower in rural areas compared o urban areas. it is found that most of the entrepreneurs are city based. So it is concluded that urban environment and urban-centered mentality can create more entrepreneurs than rural areas. Marginal and Tension Theory Robert Park published this famous theory in 1928in this famous book† Marginal man†. He stared that a marginal man is one whose fate has condemned him to live in two societies . Golvanasy described that a person is a marginal man who keeps himself/herself aloof from his/her culture. The culture could be categorized into two basic categories :(i) occidental culture (ii) oriental culture those who are living in between these basic cultures are also called marginal man. Other studies show that a marginal man cannot be accepted widely in any society. Sometimes, they engage themselves in business for their existence. So, from the group of marginal man there is a likelihood of creating more experience. Social Cohesion Theory Froyed introduced social cohesion theory first in 1948. He found high extent of social cohesion prevails in those people who are living outside the society and culture. These type of cohesion also prevails in those people who are living outside there country. They maintain such social cohesion for their existence in the culture where they are living. When a person of that community undertakes a business and he/she tries to involve other members of that community in that business. So social cohesion theory bears a great significance in creating entrepreneurs in the society. Background Factors theory or General theory Studies show that personal traits or background factors determine entrepreneurs (Lee and Jo). These factors are age, education, family background, community, peer group relationships, honesty, birth order, child rearing practice, work experience etc. Age Age is an important factor for entrepreneurs. Usually, people exceeding 50 years are not willing to take risk and the number of entrepreneurs is also lower in that age group. Education Education is one of the most important factors for creating entrepreneurs. The higher the educated person, the higher the number of entrepreneurs in the nation and vice versa. Studies show that more entrepreneurs are created among the technical specialists. Family background Family background influences the creation of entrepreneurs greatly. if enough support and assistance is available from the family, a person can more easily be an entrepreneur. Community If a close association is maintained in a particular community it increases self confidence and creates an attitude and mentality to take risk. This ultimately leads towards becoming an entrepreneur. Peer group help of reference group If any reference group is available, undertaking of business concern becomes easier. Close network of people easily and cordially communicate with others, which facilitates the development of entrepreneurs. Ethics and Honesty If anyone becomes ethical and honest to the society, he/she has a chance to be an entrepreneur. Birth Order Saying goes that because of unlimited love and affection received from parents and other relatives, the eldest child of the family likes to at as senior and wants to control everyone. She/he dislikes working under anyone, i. e. , she/he does not like to be controlled by others. Because of nature first born may have a higher tendency to be entrepreneur. The responsibility to look after younger ones goes to the elder. She / he has to earn money and for the matter she/he engages her/himself in business. But others viewed that due to unlimited affection, he/she lacks the capacity to face critical situation of business and thus losses everything in running business. Child rearing practice Whether a child will be an entrepreneur or not depends sometimes child rearing practices. How a child will act in future depends a lot on how she/he is being brought up. The seed of an entrepreneur can be sowed in child from early age by proper child rearing practice. A person can become an entrepreneur from the experience in business activities and positive performance. Social –Psychological theory These theories combine already discussed social and psychological theories together. The Schools of Entrepreneurial Thought In this section we shall highlight the ideas emanating from macro and micro views of entrepreneurial thought. The external View The macro view of entrepreneurship presents a broad array of factors that relate to success of failure in contemporary entrepreneurial ventures. This array includes external processes that are sometimes beyond the control of the individual entrepreneur, for they exhibit a strong external locus of control point of view. Three schools of entrepreneurial thought represent a breakdown of the macro view 🙠 1) the environmental school of thought, (2) The financial/capital school of thought, (3) and the displacement school of thought of thought. The first of these is the broadcast and the most pervasive school. The Environmental School of thought This school of thought deals with the external factors tat affect a potential entrepreneur’s lifestyle. These can be either a positive or a negative force in the molding of entrepreneurial desires. The focus is on institutions, values, and more that, grouped together, from a socio-political environmental framework that strongly influences the development of entrepreneurs. For example, if a middle manger experiences the freedom and support to develop ideas, initiate contracts, of create and institute new methods, the environment will serve to promote that persons desire to pursue an entrepreneurial career. The financial or Capital school of thought This school of thought is based on the capital seeking process. The search for seed capital and growth capital is the entire focus of this entrepreneurial emphasis. In any cases, the venture capital process is vital to the development of an entrepreneur. This school of thought views the entire entrepreneurial venture from a financial management standpoint. The displacement school of thought This school of thought focuses on group phenomena. It holds that the group affects or eliminates certain factors that build the individual is an entrepreneur venture. As Ronstadt has noted individuals will not pursue a venture unless they are prevented or displaced from doing other. Three major types of displacement illustrate this school of thought. 1. Political Displacement: This type of displacement is caused by factors ranging from an entire political regime that rejects the free enterprise to government regulations and policies that limit or redirect certain industries. 2. Cultural displacement: This type of displacement deals with social groups precluded from professional fields. Ethnic background, religion, race, and sex are examples of factors that figure I the minority experience. Increasingly, the experience will turn various individuals from standard business professionals towards individual entrepreneurial ventures. 3. Economic displacement: This type of displacement is concerned with the economic variations of recession and depression, job loss, capital shrinkage, or just simply† bad times† can create the foundation for entrepreneurial pursuits, jut as it can affect venture development and reduction. Exp. Airline Business The Micro View The micro view of entrepreneurship examines the factors that are specific to entrepreneurship and are part of the internal focus of control. The potential entrepreneur has the ability, or control, to direct of adjust the outcome of each major influence. The Entrepreneurial School of Thought May researchers and writers have been interested in identifying those traits that are common to successful entrepreneurs. For example, achievement creativity, determination, and technical knowledge are four factors that usually are exhibited by successful entrepreneurs. Family development and educational incubation re also examined. The venture opportunity School of thought This school of thought focuses o the opportunity aspect of venture development. The search for sources of ideas, the development of concepts, and the implementation of venture opportunities are the important areas of interest for this school. Creativity and market awareness are viewed as essential. Additionally, according to this school of thought, developing the right idea at the right time for the right market niche is the key to entrepreneurial success. The strategic formulation school of thought The strategic formulation approach in entrepreneurial theory emphasizes the planning process in successful venture and development. Ronstad views the strategic formulation s a leveraging of unique elements. Unique markets, unique people, unique products, or unique resources are identified, used, or constructed into effective venture formations. The inter-disciplinary aspects of strategic adaptation become apparent in the characteristics elements listed below: Unique markets: Mountain versus mountain gap strategies, which refers to identifying major market segments as well as interstice markets that arise from larger markets. Unique People: Great chef strategies, which refers to the skills or special talents of one or more individuals around whom the venture is built. Unique products: Better widgets stratifies, which refers to innovations that encompass new or existing markets. Unique resources: Water well strategies, which refers to the ability to gather or harness special resources (land, labor, capital, raw materials) over the ling run. Sheet 4 Chapter2Understandig the entrepreneurial Perspective Challenges for Entrepreneurs:-the entrepreneurs Confrontation With risk Starting or buying a new business involves risk, and the higher the rewards, the greater he risk entrepreneurs usually face. This s why entrepreneurs tend to evaluate the risk very carefully. In an attempt to describe the risk taking activity of entrepreneurs, researchers Thomas Monoy and Robbrt Folger developed a typology of entrepreneurial styles. In these model financial risks is measure against the level of profit motive, with the characteristics or risk being coupled with the type of activity. Profit seeking activity is associated with the